The role that sex plays in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease
remains a subject of controversy. The lack of clarity in this important area reflects complex …

Concerns regarding sex differences are increasingly pertinent in scientific and societal
arenas. Although biological sex and socio-cultural gender are increasingly recognized as …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a membrane-bound carboxymonopeptidase
highly expressed in the kidney, functions as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin …

This study examined the effects of estrogen deficiency by ovariectomy (OVX) and 17β-
estradiol (E 2) replacement (OVX+ E 2) on glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis …

Menstrual disorders, infertility and premature menopause are common but often
underrecognized phenomena among women with chronic kidney disease. Hypothalamic …

Soy isoflavones, the focus of much research and controversy, are often referred to as “weak
estrogens”. In fact, genistein is a relatively potent agonist for the recently characterized beta …

Podocyte damage and apoptosis are thought to be important if not essential in the
development of glomerulosclerosis. Female estrogen receptor knockout mice develop …

The protective factor of female gender appears to be lost in diabetes; the incidence of
diabetes and its complications, including diabetic nephropathy, are equal in women and …

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an incurable, autoimmune exocrinopathy that predominantly
affects females and whose pathogenesis remains unknown. Like rheumatoid arthritis, its …

We previously showed that supplementation with 17β-estradiol (E2) from the onset of
diabetes attenuates the development of diabetic renal disease. The aim of the present study …