Reading is a cultural invention and a learned skill that is acquired only through years of
instruction and practice. Understanding the functional mechanisms that underpin this …

Previous studies exploring the cost of reading sentences with words that have two
transposed letters in adults showed that initial letter transpositions caused the most …

The masked priming technique is widely used to explore the early moments of letter and
word identification. Although this technique is increasingly used in experiments with young …

Discrimination of reversible mirrored letters (eg, d and b) poses a challenge when learning
to read as it requires overcoming mirror invariance, an evolutionary‐old perceptual tendency …

One of the most replicated effects in the contemporary word recognition literature is the
transposed-letter effect (TL effect): pseudowords created by the transposition of two letters …

Reading development involves several changes in orthographic processing. A key question
is,“how does the coding of letters develops in children learning to read?” Masked priming …

Theories suggest that efficient recognition of English words depends on flexible letter-
position coding, demonstrated by the fact that transposed-letter primes (eg, JUGDE-judge) …

It is well-established that young adults encode letter position flexibly during natural reading.
However, given the visual changes that occur with normal aging, it is important to establish …

We conducted three eye movement experiments to investigate the mechanism for coding
letter positions in a person's second language during sentence reading; we also examined …

The study describes the developmental trend of transposed letters (TL) effects in a lexical
decision task. The TL effect refers to the fact that nonwords derived from words by …