Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Osteomyelitis, or inflammation of bone, is most commonly caused by invasion of bacterial
pathogens into the skeleton. Bacterial osteomyelitis is notoriously difficult to treat, in part …

Bacterial infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Even with
the use of multiple antibiotic treatment strategies, 4.95 million people died from drug …

After the first discovery in the 1980s in F-plasmids as a plasmid maintenance system, a
myriad of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems has been identified in bacterial chromosomes and …

The larva of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is an increasingly popular model for
assessing the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents …

Many bacterial pathogens can permanently colonize their host and establish either chronic
or recurrent infections that the immune system and antimicrobial therapies fail to eradicate …

The need for bone and joint prostheses is currently growing due to population aging,
leading to an increase in prosthetic joint infection cases. Biofilms represent an adaptive and …

Bacterial persisters are a sub-population of phenotypic variants that tolerate high
concentrations of antibiotics within the genetically homogeneous cells. They resume division …

Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems are abundant in prokaryotes and play an important role in
various biological processes such as plasmid maintenance, phage inhibition, stress …

Abstract Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, composed of a stable toxin and a cognate unstable
antitoxin, are ubiquitous in the genomes of bacteria and archaea. Under suitable growth …