Research on newborn immunity has revealed the importance of cell ontogeny, feto-maternal
tolerance, and the transfer of maternal antibodies. Less is known about postnatal adaptation …

The number of infants infected with HIV is declining with the rise in interventions for the
elimination of paediatric HIV infection, but the number of uninfected infants exposed to HIV …

The concept of immunological memory stipulates that past exposures shape present
immune function. These exposures include not only specific antigens impacting adaptive …

Background Almost 30% of children in Southern Africa are HIV exposed but uninfected
(HEU) and experience exposures that could increase vulnerability to infectious diseases …

Over the last century, the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmune disease has led to the
hypothesis that decreasing exposure to microbes, which has accompanied industrialization …

Background Childhood pneumonia causes substantial mortality and morbidity. Accurate
measurements of pneumonia incidence are scarce in low-income and middle-income …

Infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected women are HIV-exposed but
the majority remains uninfected [ie, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU)]. HEU infants suffer …

Prior to widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa,
children who were HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) had increased mortality, morbidity …

The fetal‐maternal immune system determines the fate of pregnancy. The trophoblast cells
not only give an active response against external stimuli but are also involved in secreting …

Background BCG vaccination is associated with a reduction in all-cause infant mortality in
high-mortality settings. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, but long-term …