Innate immunity involves direct interactions between the host and microorganisms, both
pathogenic and symbiotic, so natural selection is expected to strongly influence genes …

Highlights•GWAS suggest pathological inflammation is controlled by a small network of
genes.•Many chronic inflammatory/autoimmune risk alleles occur in regions of positive …

TLRs are central receptors of the innate immune system that drive host inflammation and
adaptive immune responses in response to invading microbes. Among human TLRs, TLR10 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensor molecules in vertebrates triggering initial phases of
immune responses to pathogens. The avian TLR family typically consists of ten receptors …

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) expressed in the cell surface or membrane compartments of immune and …

Frequent positive selection is a hallmark of genes involved in the adaptive immune system
of vertebrates, but the incidence of positive selection for genes underlying innate immunity in …

As an essential component of the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a
family of well-recognized ligand-binding receptors found in various organisms and initiate …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that initiate an innate immune response contain an extracellular
leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain and an intracellular Toll IL-receptor (TIR) domain. There …

Bats are believed to be reservoir hosts for a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses,
many of which are responsible for illness and mortality in humans, livestock and other …

Understanding the relative role of different evolutionary forces in shaping the level and
distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in …