Consistent quality of the battery system in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is highly
dependent on constant quality of the supplied individual cells. Especially for promising …

Inhomogeneity within lithium-ion battery modules can occur due to variations in capacity and
impedance of the connected cells as well as due to thermal gradients or cell connector …

Developers and manufacturers of battery management systems (BMSs) require extensive
testing of controller Hardware (HW) and Software (SW), such as analog front-end and …

Thermal and state-of-charge (SOC) imbalances are well known to cause nonuniform aging
in batteries. This paper presents the electrothermal control of a multilevel converter-based …

A quantitative model-based comparison of ten active balancing circuits is presented for
equalizing imbalanced cell energies of lithium-ion batteries. A mean current model …

Typically, the unique objective pursued in either active or passive balancing is equalization
of single cell charge. However, a balancing circuit may offer more control features, like …

Batteries stacks are made of cells in certain series-parallel arrangements. Unfortunately, cell
performance degrades over time in terms of capacity, internal resistance, or self-discharge …

This paper presents a hybrid equalization (EQ) topology of lithium-ion batteries (LIB).
Currently, LIBs are widely used for electric mobility due to their characteristics of high energy …

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the potential challenges and solutions of
second-life batteries. First, safety issues of second-life batteries are investigated, which is …

This paper presents insights into the tradeoffs that exist when balancing charge and
temperature within a lithium-ion battery pack. Both charge imbalance and temperature …