Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems are widely used for biological
studies, and are the basis of the organoid, tissue engineering and organ-on-chip research …

Polymer materials provide solutions to some of the most pressing environmental,
manufacturing and health-care challenges. Traditional thermoplastic and thermoset …

Substantial research over the past two decades has established that extracellular matrix
(ECM) elasticity, or stiffness, affects fundamental cellular processes, including spreading …

Owing to their unique chemical and physical properties, hydrogels are attracting increasing
attention in both basic and translational biomedical studies. Although the classical hydrogels …

Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in
Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into …

Myofibroblasts are the construction workers of wound healing and repair damaged tissues
by producing and organizing collagen/extracellular matrix (ECM) into scar tissue. Scar tissue …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell support during homeostasis and plays a
critical role in cancer. Although research often concentrates on the tumor's cellular aspect …

Biophysical cues, such as mechanical properties, play a critical role in tissue growth and
homeostasis. During organ development and tissue injury repair, compressive and tensional …

The terms MSC and MSCs have become the preferred acronym to describe a cell and a cell
population of multipotential stem/progenitor cells commonly referred to as mesenchymal …

Stem cells and their local microenvironment, or niche, communicate through mechanical
cues to regulate cell fate and cell behaviour and to guide developmental processes. During …