The field of stress physiology has rapidly expanded, particularly in those fields interested in
identifying chronic stress in wild animals. Despite this expansion, stress remains difficult to …

As the global ocean continues to experience the consequences of an increase in the
frequency and intensity of heat waves, the trend is expected to persist into the 21st century …

Immunosenescence, the decline in immune defense with age, is an important mortality
source in elderly humans but little is known of immunosenescence in wild animals. We …

Biological rhythms, from circadian control of cellular processes to annual cycles in life
history, are a main structural element of biology. Biological rhythms are considered adaptive …

Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-
based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB …

Life history theory predicts that immunity should be plastic and reflect environmental
contexts. However, individual variation in immune investment may arise not just because of …

The effect of temperature on physiology mediates many of the challenges that ectotherms
face under climate change. Ectotherm immunity is thermally sensitive and, as such …

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a flourishing aquaculture species in China.
However, there are challenges for sea cucumber aquaculture, one of which is the high …

When access to resources is limited, organisms must shift energy investment among
physiological processes to survive, reproduce, and respond to unpredictable events. The …

Understanding host immune function and ecoimmunology is increasingly important at a time
when emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) threaten wildlife. One EID that has emerged and …