Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique tissue that is able to convert chemical energy
directly into heat when activated by the sympathetic nervous system. While initially believed …

Obesity and thyroid diseases are common disorders in the general population and they
frequently occur in single individuals. Alongside a chance association, a direct relationship …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for development, growth, differentiation, metabolism and
thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle (SM) contractile function, myogenesis and bioenergetic …

Background: An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid
hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment …

Obesity and related diseases are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality and
constitute a substantial economic burden for society. Effective treatment regimens are …

Chiral pharmaceuticals (CPs), including non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), β-
blockers and some herbicide and pesticides, are widely used in aquaculture, clinical …

Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may
activate thyroxine (T4) to 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3, 3 …

1.1. Retinoid Path to Nuclear Receptors Retinol, the lipid-soluble vitamin A, is an absolute
requirement for normal growth, vision, and differentiation of epithelial tissues in mammals. 1 …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive metabolic liver disease with an
unknown pathogenesis and no FDA-approved drug treatment to date. Hypothyroidism has …