Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Through a highly divergent efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent …

An understanding of sleep requires the identification of distinct cellular circuits that mediate
the action of specific sleep: wake-regulating molecules, but such analysis has been very …

The hypocretins (orexins) are a newly identified peptide family comprised of two peptides,
hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2. Recent observations suggest an involvement of these …

GABA, glutamate, and glycine release in the locus coeruleus were measured as a function
of sleep/wake state in the freely-behaving cat using the microdialysis technique. GABA …

α2 adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonists have been used as antihypertensive agents, in the
management of drug withdrawal, and as sedative analgesics. Since α2-AR agonists also …

Hypocretin/orexin neurons give rise to an extensive projection system, portions of which
innervate multiple regions associated with the regulation of behavioral state. These regions …

Many experiments have suggested that the adrenergic system is important for arousal and
the regulation of sleep/wake states. Electrophysiological studies have found strong …

Hypocretin/orexin modulates sleep–wake state via actions across multiple terminal fields.
Within waking, hypocretin may also participate in high-arousal processes, including those …

Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is characterized by persistent difficulty in falling
or staying asleep despite adequate opportunity to sleep, leading to daytime fatigue and …