This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse
class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in …

Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an
animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the …

The synganglion is the central nervous system of ticks and, as such, controls tick physiology.
It does so through the production and release of signaling molecules, many of which are …

Insects produce many peptide hormones that play important roles in regulating growth,
development, immunity, homeostasis, stress, and other processes to maintain normal life. As …

G protein-coupled receptors play important roles in mediating signal transformation and
physiological processes. As a new type of insecticide target, GPCRs have attracted much …

Highlights•Gut innervation occurs through the central and stomatogastric nervous
systems.•Gut function depends on complex interplay of neuropeptides with similar …

BACKGROUND Sensing dietary components in the gut is important to ensure an
appropriate hormonal response and metabolic regulation after food intake. The fall …

The regulatory hormones known as tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) are identified as
brain-gut peptides in insects. Dietary components from mulberry leaves, including glucose …

Peptide signaling controls many processes involving coordinated actions of multiple organs,
such as hormone-mediated appetite regulation. However, the extent to which the mode of …

Enteroendocrine cells (ECs) in the insect midgut respond to physiological changes in the
intestine by releasing multiple peptides to control food intake, gastrointestinal activity and …