This chapter reviews research on L1ers' individual differences in the proficiency of
understanding and speaking their L1, as a function of age and/or level of education. In …

The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) is a validated
questionnaire tool for collecting self-reported proficiency and experience data from bilingual …

This book provides a pioneering introduction to heritage languages and their speakers,
written by one of the founders of this new field. Using examples from a wide range of …

Bilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit variation in everyday language experience.
Studies on bilingualism account for individual differences with measures such as L2 age of …

This study investigated correspondence between different measures of bilingual language
proficiency contrasting self-report, proficiency interview, and picture naming skills. Fifty-two …

The purpose of this study was to determine if different language measures resulted in the
same classifications of language dominance and proficiency for a group of bilingual pre …

This book is intended to give you a broad overview of Applied Linguistics. It will introduce
you to important areas in the field, and familiarize you with the key issues in each of those …

The language history questionnaire (LHQ) is an important tool for assessing the linguistic
background of bilinguals or second language learners and for generating self-reported …

Previous studies have demonstrated a bilingual advantage in the efficiency of executive
attention. A question remains, however, about the impact of the age of L2 acquisition and …

Self-ratings of language proficiency are ubiquitous in research on bilingualism, but little is
known about their validity, especially when the same scale is used across different types of …