Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and
improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also …

Vaccines containing novel adjuvant formulations are increasingly reaching advanced
development and licensing stages, providing new tools to fill previously unmet clinical …

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer
immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate …

Although the control of bone-resorbing osteoclasts through osteocyte-derived RANKL is well
defined, little is known about the regulation of osteoclasts by osteocyte death. Indeed …

Immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are only partially effective; they drive the
bacteria into a latent state, but rarely eliminate them. Unfortunately, the latent state of M …

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is known to have a crucial role in adaptive immune receptor
signalling. However, recent reports indicate that SYK also mediates other, unexpectedly …

Immunity to pathogens critically requires pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger
intracellular signaling cascades that initiate and direct innate and adaptive immune …