The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary
biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs—which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic …

Insects have an amazing variety of colors and patterns. It should be noted that pigments
and/or genes involved in body color formation are markedly different between insects and …

Butterflies display some of the most striking examples of structural colour in nature. These
colours originate from cuticular scales that cover the wing surface, which have evolved a …

Simple Summary Butterflies provide numerous ecological and socio-economic services and
are important indicator species. China is home to over 2000 species of butterflies and in …

Simple Summary Eyespot foci on butterfly wings function as organizers for eyespot color
patterns during development. Here, we microscopically examined the scales, sockets, and …

Simple Summary Bemisia tabaci Middle East–Asia Minor I (MEAM1) is a widely distributed
invasive agricultural pest that causes extensive damage to agricultural, horticultural, and …

Upon infection, the phenoloxidase system in arthropods is rapidly mobilized and constitutes
a major defense system against invaders. The activation of the key enzymes …

Simple Summary Butterfly wing color patterns are modified by various treatments, but their
mechanisms of action have been enigmatic. We hypothesized that these modification …

CRISPR is a technique increasingly used in the laboratory for both fundamental and applied
research. We designed and implemented a lab experience for undergraduates to carry out …

Insects belong to the phylum, Arthropoda, and they use cuticle as the structure to support
mechanically the body shape and movement, and also to maintain homeostasis inside the …