The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and
neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are …

Abstract Background/Objectives Interhemispheric inhibition in the brain plays a dynamic role
in the production of voluntary unimanual actions. In stroke, the interhemispheric imbalance …

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) can reduce excitability of neurons
in primary motor cortex (M1) and may facilitate motor recovery after stroke. However, little is …

Cross education is the process whereby training of one limb gives rise to enhancements in
the performance of the opposite, untrained limb. Despite interest in this phenomenon having …

Performance of a unimanual hand motor task results in functional changes in both primary
motor cortices (M1ipsilateral and M1contralateral). The neuronal mechanisms controlling the …

After stroke, the function of primary motor cortex (M1) between the hemispheres may
become unbalanced. Techniques that promote a re-balancing of M1 excitability may prime …

Brief interruption of voluntary EMG in a hand muscle by focal transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS) of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1), the so‐called ipsilateral silent …

Noninvasive brain stimulation has developed as a promising tool for cognitive
neuroscientists. Transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (tDCS) stimulation allow …

Objective To determine the relative contribution of inhibitory and facilitatory circuits in the
development of cortical hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods In …