The main area of sustained populist growth in recent decades has been Western Europe,
where populist parties have not only endured longer than expected, but have increasingly …

Abstract S chakel AH and J effery C. Are regional elections really 'second-order'elections,
Regional Studies. This article critically assesses the applicability of the second-order …

The concept of 'nationalisation'is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions
have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in …

The second-order election (SOE) model assumes that voters in subordinate elections tend to
turn out in lower numbers and support opposition, small and new parties to the detriment of …

ABSTRACT Between October 2012 and May 2015, all Italian regions went to the polls to
renew their assemblies and executives. In contrast to previous election rounds, only seven …

Although party system change has been widely explored, it is less so for the regional level.
The article provides the first systematic attempt to discuss party system change at the …

Abstract The European Union has developed into a multilevel electoral system in which
elections take place at regional, national and European tiers of governance. Election …

According to scholarly wisdom, party competition at the subnational level plays a negligible
role in national elections. We provide theory and evidence that qualifies this view …

This article investigates Italian regional elections held between 2018 and 2020 in order to
assess whether, and if so, to what extent, regional elections present nationalized or …

Political budget cycles (PBCs), namely the manipulation of taxation or government spending
close to elections, are an enduring topic in the study of economic policy-making. While the …