Ever since the “great oxidation event,” Earth's cellular life forms had to cope with the danger
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting the integrity of biomolecules and hampering …

Faithful translation of mRNA into the corresponding polypeptide is a complex multistep
process, requiring accurate amino acid selection, transfer RNA (tRNA) charging and mRNA …

Cysteine occupies a unique place in protein chemistry. The nucleophilic thiol group allows
cysteine to undergo a broad range of redox modifications beyond classical thiol-disulfide …

The genetic code, initially thought to be universal and immutable, is now known to contain
many variations, including biased codon usage, codon reassignment, ambiguous decoding …

Background With the exponential growth of publicly available genome sequences,
pangenome analyses have provided increasingly complete pictures of genetic diversity for …

Perfectly accurate translation of mRNA into protein is not a prerequisite for life. Resulting
from errors in protein synthesis, mistranslation occurs in all cells, including human cells. The …

Accurate flow of genetic information from DNA to protein requires faithful translation. An
increased level of translational errors (mistranslation) has therefore been widely considered …

Translation fidelity relies on accurate aminoacylation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) by aminoacyl-
tRNA synthetases (AARSs). AARSs specific for alanine (Ala), leucine (Leu), serine, and …

Selective modification of proteins at cysteine residues by reactive oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur
species formed under physiological and pathological states is emerging as a critical …

The amide proteogenic amino acids, asparagine and glutamine, are two of the twenty amino
acids used in translation by all known life. The aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases for asparagine …