Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling …

Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that outnumber neurons by over fivefold. They
contiguously tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and exert many essential complex …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal
populations, the molecular signatures of which are largely unknown. To identify and …

Astrocytes are key active elements of the brain that contribute to information processing.
They not only provide neurons with metabolic and structural support, but also regulate …

Ubiquitination, a pivotal posttranslational modification of proteins, plays a fundamental role
in regulating protein stability. The dysregulation of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating …

The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway for the disposal of excess nitrogen, which arises
primarily as ammonia. Nitrogen is essential for growth and life-maintenance, but excessive …

Since it was first generally accepted that the two amino acids glutamate and GABA act as
principal neurotransmitters, several landmark discoveries relating to this function have been …

Based on growth or nitrogen balance, amino acids (AA) had traditionally been classified as
nutritionally essential (indispensable) or non-essential (dispensable) for animals and …

Glutamine synthetase, encoded by the gene GLUL, is an enzyme that converts glutamate
and ammonia to glutamine. It is expressed by endothelial cells, but surprisingly shows …

Free ammonium ions are produced and consumed during cell metabolism. Glutamine
synthetase utilizes free ammonium ions to produce glutamine in the cytosol whereas …