Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau,
TP hereafter) can trigger a series of climate responses and have global consequences …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Gas hydrate, a frozen, naturally‐occurring, and highly‐concentrated form of methane,
sequesters significant carbon in the global system and is stable only over a range of low …

Methane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a
warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well as future shifts in CH4 emissions, have …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Lakes and ponds represent one of the largest natural sources of the greenhouse gas
methane. By surface area, almost half of these waters are located in the boreal region and …

The Arctic is a water-rich region, with freshwater systems covering about 16% of the northern
permafrost landscape. Permafrost thaw creates new freshwater ecosystems, while at the …

Widespread methane release from thawing Arctic gas hydrates is a major concern, yet the
processes, sources, and fluxes involved remain unconstrained. We present geophysical …

Permafrost constitutes a major portion of the terrestrial cryosphere of the Earth and is a
unique ecological niche for cold-adapted microorganisms. There is a relatively high …