Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a
central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles (50–150 nm), which mediate intercellular
communication, and are candidate therapeutic agents. However, inefficiency of exosomal …

Neuroinflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases and strategies to
modulate neuroinflammatory processes are increasingly considered as therapeutic options …

Microglia are the most abundant immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), where
they interact with neurons and exhibit a wide array of functions in physiological and …

Alpha‐synucleinopathies (ASP) are neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by
accumulation of misfolded α‐synuclein, selective neuronal loss, and extensive gliosis. It is …

The discovery of the central role played by the protein alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's
disease and other Lewy body brain disorders has had a great relevance in the …

Neuroinflammation is one of the most important processes involved in the pathogenesis of
Parkinson's disease (PD). The current concept of neuroinflammation comprises an …

The aggregation, deposition, and dysfunction of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) are common events
in neurodegenerative disorders known as synucleinopathies. These include Parkinson's …

The role of phagocytosis in the neuroprotective function of microglia has been appreciated
for a long time, but only more recently a dysregulation of this process has been recognized …