Phosphorothioates have found their usefulness in the general area of oligonucleotide
therapeutic applications. Initially this modification was introduced into the antisense …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated
protein (Cas) systems, especially type II (Cas9) systems, have been widely used in …

Bacteria have evolved diverse mechanisms to fend off predation by bacteriophages. We
previously identified the Dnd system, which uses DndABCDE to insert sulfur into the DNA …

Synthetic phosphorothioate (PT) internucleotide linkages, in which a nonbridging oxygen is
replaced by a sulphur atom, share similar physical and chemical properties with …

Arsenic, distributed pervasively in the natural environment, is an extremely toxic substance
which can severely impair the normal functions of living cells. Research on the genetic …

In contrast to the well-known DNA methylation of nucleobases, DNA phosphorothioate (PT)
modification occurs in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone. The non-bridging oxygen is …

DNA degradation (Dnd) is a widespread bacterial antiphage defence system that relies on
DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification for self/non-self discrimination and subsequent …

Ongoing studies have determined that the gut microbiota is a major factor influencing both
health and disease. Host genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to differences …

Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (for the scope of this review
we will also consider viruses that infect Archaea). Constant threat of phage infection is a …

Highlights•Dozens of new prokaryotic immune systems have recently been
described.•Although immensely diverse, common functional themes are becoming …