The biology of bone healing is a rapidly developing science. Advances in transgenic and
gene‐targeted mice have enabled tissue and cell‐specific investigations of skeletal …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage
degradation but also synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation and …

Healthy limb joints are important for maintaining health and attaining longevity.
Endochondral ossification (the replacement of cartilage with bone, occurring during skeletal …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that represent a promising source for
regenerative medicine. MSCs are capable of osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and …

Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of
chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal …

Cellular senescence is a state of stable proliferation arrest of cells. The senescence pathway
has many beneficial effects and is seen to be activated in damaged/stressed cells, as well as …

Sox transcription factors play widespread roles during development; however, their versatile
funtions have a relatively simple basis: the binding of a Sox protein alone to DNA does not …

Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis,
and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes …

The transcription factor Sox9 was first discovered in patients with campomelic dysplasia, a
haploinsufficiency disorder with skeletal deformities caused by dysregulation of Sox9 …

Chondrogenesis results in the formation of cartilages, initial skeletal elements that can serve
as templates for endochondral bone formation. Cartilage formation begins with the …