Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction
pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we …

Myocardial ischemia is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which reperfusion is
currently the standard intervention. However, the reperfusion may lead to further myocardial …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads
to stress conditions. To mitigate such circumstances, stressed cells activate a homeostatic …

Apoptosis is an intrinsic biochemical, cellular process that regulates cell death and is crucial
for cell survival, cellular homeostasis, and maintaining the optimum functional status …

Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

In humans, the cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of proteins is encoded by 16
genes presented in seven different classes. GSTs exhibit remarkable structural similarity …

Abstract NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) play a central role in excitotoxic
neuronal death caused by ischemic stroke, but NMDAR channel blockers have failed to be …

Diabetic neuropathy is regarded as one of the most debilitating outcomes of diabetes
mellitus and may cause pain, decreased motility, and even amputation. Diabetic neuropathy …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …