During aging the immune system (IS) undergoes remarkable changes that collectively are
known as immunosenescence. It is a multifactorial and dynamic phenomenon that affects …

Introduction: Allostatic load refers to the cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events.
It involves the interaction of different physiological systems at varying degrees of activity …

Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Depression and inflammation fuel one another. Inflammation plays a key role in
depression's pathogenesis for a subset of depressed individuals; depression also primes …

Two decades of research indicate causal associations between social relationships and
mortality, but important questions remain as to how social relationships affect health, when …

BACKGROUND Do men have worse health than women? This question is addressed by
examining sex differences in mortality and the health dimensions of the morbidity process …

On 24 September 2021, The Lancet medical journal highlighted an article on its cover with a
single sentence in large text;“Historically, the anatomy and physiology of bodies with …

The immune systems of post-pubescent males and females differ significantly with profound
consequences to health and disease. In many cases, sex-specific differences in the immune …

The theoretical constructs of allostasis and allostatic load (AL) have contributed to our
understanding of how constantly changing social and environmental factors impact …

The health and survival benefits of social embeddedness have been widely documented
across social species, but the underlying biophysiological mechanisms have not been …