Highlights•We now have metabolic network models; the metabolome is represented by their
nodes.•Metabolite levels are sensitive to changes in enzyme activities.•Drugs hitchhike on …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are
characterized by rapid-onset respiratory failure following a variety of direct and indirect …

Abstract Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors are predominantly used in the treatment of
erectile dysfunction, and have been recently shown to have a potential therapeutic effect for …

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the
elderly. To clarify pathogenesis of AD, thousands of reports have been accumulating …

Increasing human life expectancy prompts the development of novel remedies for cognitive
decline: 44 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and this number is predicted …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that are
involved in the regulation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic AMP (cAMP) and …

Cerebral blood flow is mainly regulated by nitrergic (parasympathetic, postganglionic)
nerves and nitric oxide (NO) liberated from endothelial cells in response to shear stress and …

The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of diosmin
(DS) and/or sildenafil against bile duct ligation (BDL). In order to achieve this goal, BDL was …

Epilepsy is one of the furthermost common neurodegenerative diseases affecting above 50
million individuals worldwide. The pathogenesis of epileptic seizures is not satisfactorily …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that break down the phosphodiesteric bond of the
cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, second messengers that regulate many biological …