Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced immune mechanism in plants. Unlike
vertebrate adaptive immunity, SAR is broad spectrum, with no specificity to the initial …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …

Pathogen recognition by plants results in the activation of signaling pathways that induce
defense reactions. There is growing evidence indicating that epigenetic mechanisms directly …

The constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple
defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. To defend …

Plants are foundational for global ecological and economic systems, but most plant proteins
remain uncharacterized. Protein interaction networks often suggest protein functions and …

Abstract The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor WRKY33 is essential for
defense toward the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here, we aimed at identifying early …

Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to
their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging …

Due to global warming and population growth, plants need to rescue themselves, especially
in unfavorable environments, to fulfill food requirements because they are sessile …

The plant immune system protects against pests and diseases. The recognition of stress‐
related molecular patterns triggers localised immune responses, which are often followed by …