Pollination syndromes, recurring suites of floral traits appearing in connection with specific
functional pollinator groups, have served for decades to organise floral diversity under a …

▪ Abstract Floral evolution has often been associated with differences in pollination
syndromes. Recently, this conceptual structure has been criticized on the grounds that …

Given that a plant's defensive strategy against herbivory is never likely to be a single trait, we
develop the concept of plant defense syndromes, where association with specific ecological …

Abstract Background and Aims 'Pollination syndromes' are suites of phenotypic traits
hypothesized to reflect convergent adaptations of flowers for pollination by specific types of …

Specialization in plant–pollinator relationships is a core concept in discussions of plant
evolution and ecology; it is central to our thinking, not just about the ecology of plant …

Globally, plants display enormous variation in life‐history strategies and trait combinations.
However, evidence suggests that evolutionary and physiological constraints limit the …

The tremendous diversity in flower color among angiosperms implies that there have been
numerous evolutionary transitions in this character. The conventional wisdom is that a large …

In the formation of species, adaptation by natural selection generates distinct combinations
of traits that function well together. The maintenance of adaptive trait combinations in the …

Currently, a global analysis of the information available on the relative composition of the
floral scents of a very diverse variety of plant species is missing. Such analysis may reveal …

This book takes a uniquely integrated approach to the study of floral biology. Flowers are the
beautiful and complex reproductive structures of the angiosperms, one of the most diverse …