Flowers at times host abundant and specialized communities of bacteria and fungi that
influence floral phenotypes and interactions with pollinators. Ecological processes drive …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

The author and publishers of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in
their efforts to confirm the accuracy and completeness of the information presented herein …

Nectar properties tend to be similar for plants visited by the same kinds of pollinators, and
much of the available information on nectar chemistry has been collected in the context of …

Plant cell walls, which consist mainly of polysaccharides (ie cellulose, hemicelluloses and
pectins), play an important role in defending plants against pathogens. Most …

Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators in the case of floral nectar (FN) and defenders in
the case of extrafloral nectar (EFN). Whereas nectars must function in the context of plant …

Plants offer metabolically rich floral nectar to attract visiting pollinators. The composition of
nectar includes not only sugars, but also amino acids. We have examined the amino acid …

The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting
the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of …

The plant extracellular matrix contains typical polysaccharides such as cellulose,
hemicelluloses, and pectins that interact to form dense interwoven networks. Plant cell walls …

Plant defense against insect herbivores is mediated in part by enzymes that impair digestive
processes in the insect gut. Little is known about the evolutionary origins of these enzymes …