Vaccines are one of the most important tools in public health and play an important role in
infectious diseases control. Owing to its precision, safe profile and flexible manufacturing …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are an important cause of illness in humans and animals. Most
human coronaviruses commonly cause relatively mild respiratory illnesses; however two …

The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains a 5′ cap that facilitates the translation of viral
proteins, protection from exonucleases and evasion of the host immune response,,–. How …

Summary mRNA modifications play important roles in regulating gene expression. One of
the most abundant mRNA modifications is N6, 2-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am). Here, we …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

The conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), a
downstream effector of the PI3K/AKT pathway, forms two distinct multiprotein complexes …

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation
of hamartomas in a wide range of human tissues. Mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 …

The molecular details of mammalian stress-activated signal transduction pathways have
only begun to be dissected. This, despite the fact that the impact of these pathways on the …

Abstract mTOR controls cell growth, in part by regulating p70 S6 kinase α (p70α) and
eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1). Raptor is a 150 kDa mTOR binding …

All eukaryotic cells have an extensive membranous labyrinth network of branching tubules
and flattened sacs called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Approximately one-third of all …