Major depressive disorder is a serious mental disorder that profoundly affects an individual's
quality of life. Although the aetiologies underlying this disorder remain unclear, an …

Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms
that are crucial for well‐being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Adverse early life events can induce long-lasting changes in physiology and behavior. We
found that early-life stress (ELS) in mice caused enduring hypersecretion of corticosterone …

Individual variation in behavior and physiology is a widespread and ecologically functional
phenomenon in nature in virtually all vertebrate species. Due to domestication of laboratory …

This work was supported by National Institute of Health (NIH) grants MH-541380, MH-
77083, MH-69056, MH-58922, MH-42088, MH071537, and DA-019624; the Doris Duke …

All available antidepressant medications are based on serendipitous discoveries of the
clinical efficacy of two classes of antidepressants more than 50 years ago. These tricyclic …

Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common
cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood …

Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the
development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment …

The plus-maze, the light–dark box and the open-field are the main current tests of
unconditioned anxiety for mice and rats. Despite their disappointing achievements, they …