Hills in India are among the most magnificent natural occurrences, known for their aesthetic
appeal, visual beauty, cultural relevance, and historic towns. But due to unprecedented …

Hearths belong to the initial elements of housing construction. The earliest hearths were
used as cooking appliances and ritual utensils (symbolic meanings). In tropical highland …

Vernacular architecture engages people and the community in making their dwellings in
response to the environment and sociocultural aspects, employing local resources and …

The Austronesian saddle roof is characterised by an extended ridge line resulting in outward
sloping gable-ends likened to buffalo horns and boat sterns. It is one of the most distinctive …

Land issues present a multifaceted challenge owing to its status as a long-term investment
and the subject of conflicting interests, particularly within traditional village settings. Factors …

Batak Toba is one of the tribes in Indonesia that traditionally resides in hilly areas around the
Toba Lake, North Sumatra. However, the architectural spaces and vernacular settlements of …

Since ancient times, urban areas have been the nerve centers of socio-economic and
political transformations all over the world. The urban areas have been beneficial to the …

The process of urbanization and globalization has changed how Indian cities are functioning
and developing today. Two major shifts have resulted from industrialization and economic …

The built environment is a reflection of the culture and civilisation of the area and provides
opportunities for sustainable development. The people's practices, the government policies …

The effect of globalization and industrialization has impacted the construction industry very
drastically. The use of more globally acclaimed materials has been observed not only in …