A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of …

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques are used in experimental and clinical fields for
their potential effects on brain network dynamics and behavior. Transcranial electrical …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) via implanted electrodes is used worldwide to treat patients
with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its invasiveness precludes …

Transcranial electric stimulation is a non-invasive tool that can influence brain activity;
however, the parameters necessary to affect local circuits in vivo remain to be explored …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which
was first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the …

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a unique form of non-invasive brain
stimulation. Sinusoidal alternating electric currents are delivered to the scalp to affect mostly …

Weak extracellular electric fields can influence spike timing in neural networks. Approaches
to noninvasively impose these fields on the brain have high therapeutic potential in …

Spike timing is thought to play a critical role in neural computation and communication.
Methods for adjusting spike timing are therefore of great interest to researchers and …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current
stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for …

Neuronal activity in the brain gives rise to transmembrane currents that can be measured in
the extracellular medium. Although the major contributor of the extracellular signal is the …