Citizen science, the involvement of volunteers in research, has increased the scale of
ecological field studies with continent-wide, centralized monitoring efforts and, more rarely …

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep
roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use …

Research on extractivism has rapidly proliferated, expanding into new empirical and
conceptual spaces. We examine the origins, evolution, and conceptual expansion of the …

The contrast between ecology in cities and ecology of cities has emphasized the increasing
scope of urban ecosystem research. Ecology in focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches …

Urbanization is changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the interactions and feedbacks
between the fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes that maintain life. Humans …

▪ Abstract Ecological studies of terrestrial urban systems have been approached along
several kinds of contrasts: ecology in as opposed to ecology of cities; biogeochemical …

Our central paradigm for urban ecology is that cities are emergent phenomena of local-
scale, dynamic interactions among socioeconomic and biophysical forces. These complex …

Urban ecological systems are characterized by complex interactions among social,
economic, institutional, and environmental variables. These interactions generate complex …

Urban designers, ecologists, and social scientists have called for closer links among their
disciplines. We examine a promising new tool for promoting this linkage—the metaphor of …

Quantitatively identifying the relative contributions of climate change and human activity to
net primary productivity (NPP) is critical for understanding vegetation dynamics and …