The neurotrophic factor BDNF is an important regulator for the development of brain circuits,
for synaptic and neuronal network plasticity, as well as for neuroregeneration and …

Dextromethorphan (DM) has been used for more than 50 years as an over-the-counter
antitussive. Studies have revealed a complex pharmacology of DM with mechanisms …

Decreased dendritic spine density in the cortex is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric
diseases, and the ability to promote cortical neuron growth has been hypothesized to …

Human studies examining the effects of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine as a model for
psychosis and as a rapidly acting antidepressant have spurred great interest in …

In addition to modulating serotonin transport, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
have multiple other mechanisms that may contribute to clinical effects, and some of these …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that traverse the plasma
membrane seven times (hence, are also called 7TM receptors). The polytopic structure of …

Several preclinical studies have reported the rapid antidepressant effects of N-methyl-D-
aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, although the underlying mechanisms are still …

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is widely expressed throughout the CNS and
participates in regulating neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Recent work in the …

Upregulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is a venerable result of
chronic exposure to nicotine; but it is one of several consequences of pharmacological …

Psychiatrists empirically recognize that excessive or chronic psychological stress can result
in long‐lasting impairments of brain functions that partly involve neuronal cell damage …