Social norms are the glue that holds society together, yet our knowledge of them remains
heavily intellectually siloed. This article provides an interdisciplinary review of the emerging …

Reward and punishment change the payoff structures of social interactions and therefore
can potentially play a role in promoting prosocial behavior. Yet, there are boundary …

Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and
consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory …

Fines, corporal punishments, and other procedures of punitive justice recur across small-
scale societies. Although they are often assumed to enforce group norms, we here propose …

Norms permeate human life. Most of people's activities can be characterized by rules about
what is appropriate, allowed, required, or forbidden—rules that are crucial in making people …

Responding to wrongdoing is a core feature of our social lives. Indeed, a central assumption
of modern institutional justice systems is that transgressors should be punished. In this …

What role do emotions play in moral cognition? Leading accounts argue that a multiplicity of
emotions, including guilt, outrage, shame, empathy, and even disgust, play an essential role …

Across human societies, people are sometimes willing to punish norm violators. Such
punishment can take the form of revenge from victims, seemingly altruistic intervention from …

Punishment and reputation-based mechanisms play a major role in supporting the evolution
of human cooperation. Theoretical accounts and field observations suggest that humans use …

Group members reject threatening outgroup criticism compared to the same criticism from
the ingroup (intergroup sensitivity effect [ISE]). Uninvolved bystanders (ie, members of third …