In recent years, the desalination of seawater and brackish water by the reverse osmosis
(RO) process became one of the alternatives to ensure a dependable supply of drinking …

Ground heat accumulation caused by imbalanced heating and cooling loads in a building
can cause the heat-source temperature to increase as the operating age of a geothermal …

The purpose of this paper is to optimize the supply air flow rate and temperature of the
variable air volume (VAV) terminal unit by artificial neural network (ANN). In general, the …

A novel steady-state empirical power consumption model using water pressure difference,
instead of water flow rate or cooling capacity, as one of the input variables is proposed for …

Chillers are responsible for nearly 30–40% of the energy consumption of an HVAC system.
To enhance the efficiency of HVAC systems, it is necessary to optimize the operation of …

A virtual water flow meter is developed that uses the chilled water control valve on an air-
handling unit as a measurement device. The flow rate of water through the valve is …

Energy submetering at the equipment level provides a tool to identify energy use anomalies
and detect operational inefficiencies. While physical meters can be costly and difficult to …

Airflow measurements are not as accurate as needed in air-handling units due to space and
cost limitations of physical meters. Generally, the airflow in an air-handling unit is propelled …

Virtual sensors use data from low-cost measurements and calibrated models to provide
outputs that would either be too expensive or impossible to measure directly. Virtual sensor …

Heating ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in North America are major users
of energy in commercial and institutional buildings. Although modern monitoring strategies …