The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can be used to monitor and modulate the
excitability of intracortical neuronal circuits. Long periods of cortical stimulation can produce …

Background Responses to a number of different plasticity-inducing brain stimulation
protocols are highly variable. However there is little data available on the variability of …

These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical
and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures …

Stroke has long been regarded as focal disease with circumscribed damage leading to
neurological deficits. However, advances in methods for assessing the human brain and in …

A number of methods have been developed recently that stimulate the human brain non‐
invasively through the intact scalp. The most common are transcranial magnetic stimulation …

For> 20 years, noninvasive transcranial stimulation techniques like repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used to induce …

The review focuses on the clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS). The central motor conduction time (CMCT) is a sensitive method to detect …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was initially used to evaluate the integrity of the
corticospinal tract in humans non‐invasively. Since these early studies, the development of …

The human motor cortex can be activated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
evoking a high-frequency repetitive discharge of corticospinal neurones. The exact …