Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has dramatically altered clinical outcomes for cancer
patients and conferred durable clinical benefits, including cure in a subset of patients …

Abstract Context The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines panel on upper
urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has updated the guidelines to aid clinicians in …

Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis.
Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), also described as bladder cancer, is the 10th most common
cancer type worldwide, with an estimated 549 000 new cases and 200 000 deaths in 2018 …

Abstract The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a
forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs …

Minimally invasive approaches to detect residual disease after surgery are needed to
identify patients with cancer who are at risk for metastatic relapse. Circulating tumour DNA …

Summary Background PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are active in metastatic urothelial
carcinoma, but positive randomised data supporting their use as a first-line treatment are …

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have already substantially improved
the outcomes of patients with many types of cancer, although only 20–40% of patients derive …

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) can provide durable clinical responses and improve
overall survival. However, only subsets of patients with specific tumor types respond to ICT …