Cities are centres of innovation and wealth creation, but also hotspots of air pollution and
noise, heat island effects and lack of green space, which are all detrimental to human health …

There is extensive empirical literature on the association between exposure to nature and
health. In this narrative review, we discuss the strength of evidence from recent (ie, the last …

Background Natural outdoor environments including green spaces play an important role in
preserving population health and wellbeing in cities, but the number of deaths that could be …

Introduction Half the world population lives in cities and this is likely to increase to 70% over
the next 20 years. Suboptimal urban and transport planning has led to eg high levels of air …

Multiple systematic reviews on greenspace and health outcomes exist, but the overall
evidence base remains unclear. Therefore, we performed an umbrella review to collect and …

Background Car-dependent city planning has resulted in high levels of environmental
pollution, sedentary lifestyles and increased vulnerability to the effects of climate change …

Background There is an increasing volume of literature investigating the links between
urban environments and human health, much of which involves spatial conceptualisations …

Background Residential green and blue spaces may be therapeutic for the mental health.
However, solid evidence on the linkage between exposure to green and blue spaces and …

While COVID-19 lockdowns have slowed coronavirus transmission, such structural
measures also have unintended consequences on mental and physical health. Growing …

Background A growing number of quantitative studies have investigated the potential
benefits of outdoor blue spaces (lakes, rivers, sea, etc) and human health, but there is not …