Background The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad
pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose …

An absolute, supraphysiologic elevation in GFR is observed early in the natural history in
10%–67% and 6%–73% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Moreover …

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve hard renal outcomes in type 2
diabetes. This is possibly explained by the fact that SGLT2i normalize the measured …

The gastrointestinal tract—the largest endocrine network in human physiology—
orchestrates signals from the external environment to maintain neural and hormonal control …

Background The results of the ELIXA trial demonstrated the cardiovascular safety of
lixisenatide, a short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 …

Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
diabetes and is the most common cause of proteinuric and non-proteinuric forms of end …

The progressive nature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) requires practitioners to periodically
evaluate patients and intensify glucose-lowering treatment once glycemic targets are not …

Diabetic kidney disease remains the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease in
the world. Despite reductions in incidence rates of myocardial infarction and stroke in people …

The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically during the past decades, which has
been a major health problem. Since 1975, the number of people with obesity worldwide has …

Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-
1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) lower blood pressure (BP). When SGLT2i and GLP-1RA are …