Renewable energy resources have increasingly been integrated into electric power grids.
Moreover, new challenges constantly arise, showing the need for modernization in …

A Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device that gives a fast and accurate measurement
of both current and voltage with time synchronization. This PMU data facilitates effective …

The accelerated operation of distance relay is an important issue to improve the power
system stability. The zone-1 of distance relay usually covers about 80% of the transmission …

One of the main factors in triggering cascading outages is the undesired operation of zone-3
vulnerable distance relays under static load encroachment. In this paper, to avoid the …

This article proposes a differential voltage-based scheme to identify the faulted line in the
transmission system. Initially, the placement of phasor measurement unit (PMU) is carried …

In the first part of this paper, a comprehensive analysis has been conducted on the utilization
of Synchrophasor Measurement (SM) and distribution SM in enhancing situation awareness …

Three-phase fault and load encroachment are balanced phenomena. A load encroachment
function is incorporated in distance relay to improve the security of protection scheme …

In this paper an adaptive reach of the 3rd zone of a distance relay supported by
synchronized measurements is presented. The operation of the proposed algorithm focuses …

A distance relay (DR) is a complex sensor that operates based on apparent impedance
computed using inputs from the current and voltage sensors. Power swing and load …

The penetration of power electronic based equipment in the power grid has increased the co-
occurrence of electromechanical and electromagnetic transients. Significant research efforts …