Core segregation and atmosphere formation are two of the major processes that redistribute
the volatile elements—hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)—in and around …

A general theory of planet formation has been a topic of intense study over many years. The
interest in such a theory emerges naturally from asking the question of where our planet …

Earth-like planets orbiting M-dwarf stars, M-Earths, are currently the best targets to search for
signatures of life. Life as we know it requires water. The habitability of M-Earths is …

The conventional observables to identify a habitable or inhabited environment in
exoplanets, such as an ocean glint or abundant atmospheric O2, will be challenging to …

OVERVIEW Nearly 30 years after the discovery of the first exoplanet around a main
sequence star, thousands of planets have now been confirmed. These discoveries have …

The thermal conductivity of iron and its alloys are critically important to understand
conductive heat flow and dynamo action within planetary cores, however the effect of sulfur …

Cycling of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and interior of rocky planets can stabilize
global climate and enable planetary surface temperatures above freezing over geologic …

Sub-Neptunes are a subset of exoplanets that lie between the Earth and Neptune in size,
have no solar system analogue and yet are one of the most common types of exoplanet in …

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when
applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature's AM terms of use, but is not the Version of …

The composition of the atmospheres found on Earth and Earth-like exoplanets primarily
arises from the exchange processes occurring between their interiors and atmospheres …