Background Viral epidemics or pandemics of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) pose a
global threat. Examples are influenza (H1N1) caused by the H1N1pdm09 virus in 2009 …

Background Promotion and provision of low-cost technologies that enable improved water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are seen as viable solutions for reducing high …

Background Diarrhoea and growth faltering in early childhood are associated with
subsequent adverse outcomes. We aimed to assess whether water quality, sanitation, and …

Child stunting is a global problem and is only modestly responsive to dietary interventions.
Numerous observational studies have shown that water quality, sanitation, and …

Background Hygiene promotion interventions are likely to be more effective if they target the
determinants of handwashing behaviour. Synthesis of the evidence on the determinants of …

Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella
sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S …

Effective and appropriate hand-washing practice for schoolchildren is important in
preventing infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, which is the second most common cause …

The annual number of deaths from diarrheal diseases among the 0–4 year age group in low-
and middle-income countries (LMICs) has dropped by 89 percent, from 4.6 million in 1980 to …

Many households in low-and middle-income countries cook with inefficient biomass-burning
stoves, which cause high levels of household air pollution and threaten long-term health …

Abstract This Campbell Systematic Review examines the effectiveness of different
approaches for promoting handwashing and sanitation behaviour change, and factors …