The study of morphological variation among and within taxa can shed light on the evolution
of phenotypic diversification. In the case of urodeles, the dorso‐ventral view of the head …

Objectives The second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D: 4D ratio) can be assumed a valid indicator
of sexual differentiation, provided that it is stable once it develops, or eventual changes …

Males and females face different selection pressures due to a sexually biased investment
into reproduction. This often results in different morphologies. Sexual size dimorphisms …

Sexual dimorphism in the ratio of digit lengths has been correlated to behavioral,
physiological, and morphological traits in a variety of taxa. While sexual dimorphism in the …

Sexual dimorphism in digit lengths reflects phenotypic evolution mediated by developmental
steroids. Differences in the identity of the sexually-dimorphic digit may evolve if the …

Second-to-fourth digit ratio is a widely investigated sexually dimorphic morphological trait in
human studies and could reliably indicate the prenatal steroid environment. Conducting …

Digit ratio (DR or 2D: 4D), an indicator based on the relative length of the second and fourth
digits, has been linked to embryonic sex hormone levels and is regarded as a biomarker for …

Capsule There were no statistically significant differences in digit ratio between male and
female chicks of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia. Aims To test the hypothesis that the ratio of …

Accepted: 23. February 2017/Available online: 24. March 2017/Printed: June 2018 Abstract.
This study provides first insight into patterns of adult cranial size and shape sexual …

Digit ratio is a morphological feature regarded as a biomarker of the balance of sex
hormones during early development. The exposure of embryos to a set of sex hormones and …