The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Advancing age promotes cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the
United States and many developed nations. Two major age-related arterial phenotypes …

Guzik and Touyz Oxidation and Inflammation in Vascular Aging 661 and endothelium. 22
Perivascular fibrosis is greatly dependent on immune cells because it is prevented in …

Inflammation is involved in pathogenesis of hypertension. NLRP3 inflammasome activation
is a powerful mediator of inflammatory response via caspase-1 activation. The present study …

Oxidative stress represents excessive intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Besides having a …

Homocysteine is a sulphur‐containing non‐proteinogenic amino acid.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), the pathogenic elevation of plasma homocysteine as a …

Systemic hypertension increases cardiac workload causing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and
increased cardiac fibrosis. An underlying feature is increased production of reactive oxygen …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules that regulate vascular function
and structure in physiological conditions. A misbalance between the production and …

Arteriosclerosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Central to this process
is the development of subclinical non-atherosclerotic intimal lesions before the appearance …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases regulate production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to cellular components but also …