Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homoeostasis of the immune system.
Infection with HIV results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile in vivo and in vitro. During …

Suppressor T cell is an old term, originally found in the 1970s literature (49, 50), but it was
short-lived because advances in molecular biology soon afterward proved that the gene …

The persistence of HIV-1 in virally suppressed infected individuals on highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) remains a major therapeutic problem. The use of cytokines …

HIV-1 insertions targeting BACH2 or MLK2 are enriched and persist for decades in
hematopoietic cells from patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. However, it is …

The earliest defense against microbial infection is represented by the responses of the
innate (or natural) immune system, that also profoundly regulates the adaptive (or acquired) …

Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is often kept silent and asymptomatic; however, its
reactivation induces a chronic and/or recurrent infection that is associated with numerous …

To evaluate the frequency and predictive factors of discordant immune response, we
performed a prospective cohort study of 288 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency …

Persistent viral infections present a significant threat to society, and treatment options for
infected individuals are in urgent demand. During viral persistence, the balance between the …

Cytokines are major controller of HIV replication and represent, at the same time, a target for
viral-induced immune dysregulation. This mutual relationship has profound implications for …

CD4+ cells of most individuals infected with HIV-1 harbor a C-terminally truncated and
constitutively activated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5Δ) …