This review addresses underlying physiological, cellular, and molecular factors that alter the
developing fetal brain stress circuits and responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal …

Adolescence is a critical stage of brain maturation in which important plastic and dynamic
processes take place in different brain regions, leading to development of the adult brain …

Background Stress-related disorders (eg, depression) are associated with hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction …

Regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for adaptation to
environmental changes. The principle regulator of the HPA axis is corticotrophin-releasing …

The lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA L) and the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the
stria terminalis (BNST DL) coordinate the expression of shorter-and longer-lasting fears …

Binge alcohol consumption among adolescents affects the developing neural networks
underpinning reward and stress processing in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This study …

Adverse life events and highly stressful environments have deleterious consequences for
mental health. Those environmental factors can potentiate alcohol and drug abuse in …

Introduction: Prolonged and repeated stresses cause hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing …

Negative glucocorticoid feedback is essential for preventing the deleterious effects of
excessive hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis axis activation, with an important target being …

The results of many studies support the influence of the corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)
system on ethanol (EtOH) consumption and EtOH‐induced neuroadaptations that are critical …