Living organisms have ingeniously evolved functional gradients and heterogeneities to
create high-performance biological materials from a fairly limited choice of elements and …

Vertically aligned structures, which are a series of characteristic conformations with
thickness‐direction alignment, interconnection, or assembly of filler in polymeric composite …

Amorphous calcium phosphates (ACPs) represent a metastable amorphous state of other
calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) possessing variable compositional but …

Natural composites are often heterogeneous to fulfil functional demands. Manufacturing
analogous materials remains difficult, however, owing to the lack of adequate and easily …

Living organisms have evolved sophisticated cell-mediated biomineralization mechanisms
to build structurally ordered, environmentally adaptive composite materials. Despite …

Biological composites have evolved elaborate hierarchical structures to achieve outstanding
mechanical properties using weak but readily available building blocks. Combining the …

Biological materials exhibit anisotropic characteristics because of the anisometric nature of
their constituents and their preferred alignment within interfacial matrices. The regulation of …

In this mini-review, we shall first cover a short history of the discovery of chitin isolated from
sponges; as well as its evolutionarily ancient roots. Next, we will delve into the unique …

The design and fabrication of synthetic structural components often result in homogeneous
materials with uniform microstructures and properties. In contrast, nature has evolved …

Abstract The Cambrian Explosion by nature is a three-phased explosion of animal body
plans alongside episodic biomineralization, pulsed change of generic diversity, body size …