To achieve highly effective treatment to diseases, successful delivery of drugs with a carrier
into the specific organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.) is of great importance …

Complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest multimeric enzyme complex of
the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is responsible for electron transport and the …

Drug discovery and drug delivery are two main aspects for treatment of a variety of
disorders. However, the real bottleneck associated with systemic drug administration is the …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing
to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and …

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent risk factor for cardiac
dysfunction. Although SGLT2-inhibitors have important cardioprotective effects in …

Many diseases originate from alterations at nanoscale levels. Precise drug delivery should
be achieved not only at cell level, but also at organelle level to achieve maximum …

Background Mitochondria have small mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules independent
from the nuclear DNA, a separate epigenetic machinery that generates mtDNA methylation …

Thyroid hormone receptor β1 (THRB1) and estrogen-related receptor α (ESRRA; also
known as ERRα) both play important roles in mitochondrial activity. To understand their …

Glutathione reductase (Glr1) is a low abundance protein involved in defense mechanisms
against reactive oxygen species. Expressed on cytosolic ribosomes, the same gene, GLR1 …

During hypertrophy, proliferation of mitochondria does not keep pace with the increasing
energy demand of the heart. This probably contributes importantly to cardiac failure, together …