We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental
and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on …

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of previous studies and concepts
concerning the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its recent …

Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the major source of variability in winter
atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, with large impacts on temperature …

This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of
science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is …

Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and
future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures …

We present seasonal precipitation reconstructions for European land areas (30° W to 40°
E/30–71° N; given on a 0.5°× 0.5° resolved grid) covering the period 1500–1900 together …

The pattern of recent surface warming observed in the Arctic exhibits both polar amplification
and a strong relation with trends in the Arctic Oscillation mode of atmospheric circulation …

Abstract Monthly (1659–1995) and seasonal (1500–1658) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
indices were estimated using instrumental and documentary proxy predictors from Eurasia …

A new, well-verified, multiproxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
index is described that can be used to examine the variability of the NAO prior to twentieth …

High-resolution temperature and precipitation variations and their seasonal extremes since
1500 are presented for the European Alps (43.25–48.25 N and 4.25–16.25 E). The spatial …